Epilepsy: understanding a common brain disorder

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition affecting millions worldwide, including many in Chile.

It is characterized by recurrent seizures, which are clinical manifestations of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This article explores its causes, types, diagnosis, treatment, and how to live with epilepsy, providing optimized information for search engines like Google.

What is Epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes recurrent, spontaneous seizures. These seizures vary in intensity, duration, and symptoms depending on the affected brain area. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 50 million people have epilepsy, making it one of the most common neurological conditions.

In Chile, epilepsy prevalence is estimated at 0.5% to 1% of the population, affecting over 200,000 individuals.

Causes of Epilepsy

Epilepsy can result from various factors, depending on age and medical history. The main causes include:

• Genetic factors: Some types of epilepsy have a hereditary component.
• Brain injuries: Such as those caused by traffic accidents or falls.
• Neurological diseases: Brain tumors, strokes, or infections like meningitis.
• Congenital malformations: Developmental abnormalities in the brain.
• Perinatal factors: Lack of oxygen during birth or infections in newborns.

Types of Epilepsy

Epilepsy types are classified based on the type of seizures experienced:

• Focal Epilepsy: Seizures originate in a specific brain region, causing symptoms like involuntary movements or unusual sensations in one limb.
• Generalized Epilepsy: Affects both hemispheres of the brain from the start, leading to loss of consciousness and jerking movements throughout the body.
• Epilepsy of Unknown Origin: The underlying cause is unidentified.

Diagnosis of Epilepsy

Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment and involves:

• Medical history: Detailed description of seizures, family, and medical history.
• Electroencephalogram (EEG): Records brain activity to detect abnormal patterns.
• Brain imaging: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT) scans to identify structural abnormalities.
• Blood tests: Rule out infections, metabolic issues, or other causes.

In Chile, these diagnostic tools are available in public hospitals and private clinics, forming an integral part of neurological care.

Treatment Options in Chile

Epilepsy often has no cure, but it can be effectively managed with treatment. Options include:

• Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs): The cornerstone of treatment, helping over 70% of patients control seizures.
• Surgery: For cases like drug-resistant focal epilepsy, surgical removal of the affected brain area may be an option.
• Vagus nerve stimulation: A device implanted to reduce seizure frequency.
• Therapeutic diets: The ketogenic diet is effective in some cases, particularly in children.
• Complementary therapies: Psychotherapy, physical therapy, or occupational therapy to enhance quality of life.

In Chile, access to these treatments is partially covered by public health insurance (FONASA) and private insurance (ISAPRE), depending on the coverage plan.

Living with Epilepsy

Facing an epilepsy diagnosis can be challenging, but with medical and social support, many individuals lead fulfilling lives. Recommendations include:

• Education: Learn about the condition and its triggers.
• Adherence to treatment: Follow medical advice without interruptions.
• Avoiding triggers: Such as sleep deprivation, stress, or alcohol consumption.
• Emotional support: Join support groups or seek psychological therapy.

In Chile, organizations like the Chilean League Against Epilepsy provide resources, guidance, and support for patients and families.

Epilepsy and Quality of Life

Epilepsy does not define an individual. With proper treatment and a supportive environment, people with this condition can study, work, and actively participate in society. Chilean laws protect individuals with epilepsy from discrimination in workplaces and educational settings.

Which Specialist to Consult?

If epilepsy is suspected, the appropriate specialist to consult is a neurologist. This medical professional specializes in disorders of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. For epilepsy, neurologists diagnose, treat, and manage seizures and related symptoms.

Epilepsy is a manageable condition with proper diagnosis and treatment. In Chile, having a healthcare system that ensures access to therapeutic options and educational resources is crucial for improving the quality of life of affected individuals. If someone exhibits epilepsy symptoms or suspects they might have the condition, seeking specialized medical help is essential. Early diagnosis can make a significant difference.